Vanguard's Early Struggles

Jack faced significant challenges after leaving Wellington, as his ambitious plans for retail index funds initially flopped, raising only $12 million instead of the targeted $150 million. Over a decade, the perception of index funds shifted, leading to a surge in interest and eventual success for Vanguard. Despite early skepticism towards ETFs, Vanguard later became a major player in both index and actively managed funds, showcasing a remarkable evolution in investment strategies.