Violence and Mortality

Bad crop yields often led to decreased interpersonal violence, while large-scale conflicts surged as societies sought to conquer fertile lands. Despite advancements, child mortality rates remained alarmingly high across civilizations, with life expectancy stagnating around the low thirties until the onset of the industrial revolution. The 19th century brought slight improvements, yet many still faced harsh living conditions, keeping global life expectancy around 30 years as the 20th century approached.