Rise of the Caliphate
The Arabian Peninsula, once overlooked by major powers, saw a significant transformation in the 7th century with Muhammad uniting the region through conquests and conversions. Following his death, his advisor Abu Bakr became the first caliph, leading to rapid expansion under the brilliant general Khalid. As the caliphate advanced northward, it inevitably clashed with the Byzantine Empire, which had recently regained territories under the reign of the often underestimated emperor Heraclius.In this clip
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