Human Population History

Early human populations faced significant challenges, including low life expectancy and potential bottlenecks that reduced genetic diversity. As humans migrated out of Africa around 300,000 to 150,000 years ago, they began to inhabit diverse ecological niches, leading to population growth. The period from 200,000 to 10,000 years ago saw humanity spread across continents, culminating in migrations to the Americas, despite facing additional bottlenecks like the Toba explosion.