Rise and Fall
Harun al Rashid's reign marked the cultural zenith of the Caliphate, but the Mongol sack of Baghdad in 1258 shattered this golden age. The Mamluks reestablished the Abbasid Caliphate in Cairo, serving as a symbolic authority despite lacking real power. Ultimately, the Ottomans emerged as the new leaders, claiming the title of caliph and solidifying their position as the custodians of Islam's holiest sites.In this clip
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The Islamic Caliphates
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