Hawaiian Monarchy Overthrown

A referendum to select a new monarch spiraled into chaos, leading to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy. The newly crowned king's alliance with the U.S. resulted in significant changes, including a massive increase in sugarcane production, but also unrest among native Hawaiians. Queen Liliuokalani's attempt to reform voting rights triggered a coup by American businessmen, ultimately paving the way for Hawaii's annexation as a U.S. territory in 1898. The entire process was marred by illegality and the threat of violence, raising questions about the legitimacy of U.S. involvement.