The Crisis of the Third Century

External Threats

The Crisis of the Third Century was marked by severe external threats to the Roman Empire. Gary Arndt explains that the plague of Cyprian, which lasted from 249 to 262, devastated the population, with cities like Alexandria losing up to 60% of their inhabitants 1. This period also saw significant inflation due to the debasement of currency, as emperors reduced the silver content in coins to fund military expenses 1. The political instability was exacerbated by frequent assassinations and the lack of a clear succession plan, leading to chaos whenever an emperor died unexpectedly 1.

The crisis is usually said to have begun in the year 235 with the assassination of emperor Alexander Severus.

--- Gary Arndt

Additionally, invasions from foreign powers, such as the Goths and Persians, further strained the empire's resources and military capabilities 2.

   

Internal Divisions

Internal divisions further complicated the Roman Empire's ability to respond to external threats during the Crisis of the Third Century. Gary Arndt notes that the empire fragmented as provinces in both the east and west declared independence, forming the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires 3. This fragmentation weakened Rome's central authority and made it difficult to mount a unified defense against invaders 3. The political instability was highlighted by the rapid turnover of emperors, many of whom were assassinated by their own troops or died under mysterious circumstances 2.

Aurelian was the first truly competent emperor in several decades.

--- Gary Arndt

Despite these challenges, Emperor Aurelian managed to reunite the empire and stabilize the economy by reforming the currency and addressing hyperinflation 3.