Human Need for Optimal Distinctiveness

Adam Grant discusses Marilyn Brewer's theory of optimal distinctiveness, which explains how humans have a desire to both fit in and stand out. By joining unique groups with clear identities, individuals can satisfy these motivations simultaneously. Belonging to a unique group also serves a terror management function, helping individuals avoid threats to their own mortality and connect to something larger than themselves. Identification with a group is enough to hold this effect, and in some cases, going public with an identity can prevent individuals from following through on it privately.