How does the brain of octopuses work?

Octopuses have one of the most fascinating and complex brains among invertebrates. Here are some key insights from experts:

1. Distributed Cognition:

   • Octopuses have a unique brain structure with both a central brain and semi-autonomous nodes in each of their arms. Each arm can independently process information and perform actions without coordinating with the central brain, making their cognition highly decentralized 1 2.

2. Sensory World:

   • Octopuses are highly visual creatures with excellent eyesight, and their skin can also detect light. They have a vast array of chemical sensors, especially in their suckers, allowing them to 'taste' everything they touch. Their sensory experience contrasts significantly with humans due to the decentralized nature of their nervous system, providing them a unique way of interacting with their environment 1 3 2.
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       Octopus Cognition

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       Octopus Brain Complexity

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       Octopus Sensory World

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       Octopus Intelligence

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       Octopus and Psychedelics

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       The Evolution of Childhood

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3. Intelligence and Problem-Solving:

   • Octopuses display significant behavioral complexity and intelligence. They can learn, remember individual humans, and engage in advanced problem-solving and escape behaviors. Their intelligence is comparable to that of vertebrates, although they utilize it differently due to their unique body structure and ecological needs 2 4.

4. Emotional and Social Behavior:

   • Octopuses possess neurotransmitters similar to humans, such as cephalotocin (analogous to oxytocin) and cortisol, indicating they can experience emotions. Studies involving the administration of MDMA to octopuses revealed surprising prosocial behaviors, suggesting complex emotional lives 5 4.

5. Behavioral Adaptability:

   • With around 500 million neurons (two-thirds distributed in their arms), octopuses' behaviors reflect their need to maneuver in a predator-rich environment. They exhibit remarkable adaptability through techniques like camouflage, fluid body transformation, and quick decision-making in response to threats or opportunities 4 6.

These insights collectively reveal the sophisticated and decentralized way in which octopus brains function, highlighting their unique evolutionary path and extraordinary adaptability in the animal kingdom.