Top down processing

Top-down processing refers to the ability of the brain's higher cognitive functions, like those in the prefrontal cortex, to override automatic reflexes. This is achieved by consciously deciding to suppress or ignore reflexive responses based on reasoning or a new narrative provided to a situation. For instance, although stepping on a tack typically results in an immediate withdrawal reflex, through top-down processing, a person can choose not to withdraw their foot. Similarly, while the instinct may be to avoid cold water due to discomfort, understanding its benefits can allow a person to override this reflex and enter the water despite the initial discomfort. This concept underscores the brain's capacity to control basic instinctive reactions, applying new meanings or purposes to experiences, particularly those associated with fear or discomfort 1.