Why is automated sorting unreliable?

Automated sorting can be unreliable due to several technical challenges.

1. Variability in Object Shapes: Sorting systems must handle objects that come in numerous shapes and permutations. A single type of object, like a soda can, can appear in countless forms—crushed, flattened, or intact—which complicates identification 1.

2. Material Composition: Objects often contain mixed materials that must be sorted separately. For instance, a bottle might be made of PET plastic, but its cap could be another type of plastic. Automated systems must distinguish and sort these different materials accurately 1.

3. Occlusion and Overlap: Items can be partially covered by other materials or overlap on the conveyor belt, making it difficult for automated systems to correctly identify and sort them 1.

4. Economic Viability: Automation systems need to be cost-effective compared to manual processes. High costs associated with sophisticated sensors and robotics can make automation economically challenging unless it significantly reduces operational costs 2.

5. Dynamic Operational Conditions: Conveyor speeds, object positions, and other operational parameters can vary, requiring systems to be highly adaptable and robust, which is technically demanding to achieve consistently 1.

These factors collectively contribute to the unreliability of automated sorting systems.