What are criticisms of water memory?

Criticism of the concept of water memory primarily revolves around its scientific validity. Mainstream scientists frequently argue that there is insufficient empirical evidence to support the idea that water can retain information or memory in a meaningful way. Notable critiques include the following points:

1. Lack of Scientific Basis: Traditional physics and chemistry do not support the theory that water can store information about substances previously dissolved in it once the concentration of the original substance reaches extremely low levels.

2. Replication Issues: Experiments purportedly demonstrating water memory, such as those by Jacques Benveniste, have failed replication under controlled conditions. Attempts to reproduce these results have generally been unsuccessful, which raises questions about the original findings' reliability.

3. Extraordinary Claims: Critics like Richard Dawkins highlight the extraordinary nature of the claims. The tenet of scientific skepticism demands that extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence, which has not yet been convincingly provided in this case.

Overall, while water memory is a fascinating theory, it remains highly contentious within the scientific community due to these criticisms and the lack of robust, reproducible evidence.