What causes kidney stones?

Kidney stones are often caused by a variety of factors, predominantly linked to metabolic disorders and dehydration. According to Rena Malik, who discussed this topic with Andrew Huberman on the Huberman Lab, key causes include:

1. Dehydration: A common cause, where inadequate fluid intake leads to concentrated urine, promoting stone formation.
2. Metabolic Abnormalities: Certain people may produce more calcium or oxalate in their urine.
3. Dietary Factors: High intake of oxalate-rich foods like spinach, rhubarb, and nuts can contribute to stone formation.
4. Protein Intake: Consuming large amounts of purine-rich meats like red meat can also increase the risk.

To prevent kidney stones, it is advised to increase fluid intake to 2-3 liters daily, reduce high-oxalate foods, and increase citrate intake from fruits, which can inhibit stone formation. Reducing meat intake may also help 1.