How does loneliness affect genes?

Loneliness has a significant impact on gene expression. Research shows that it can alter the regulation of hundreds of genes, particularly those involved in immune response, metabolism, and hormone levels.

For instance, loneliness can upregulate the transcription factor NF kappa B, leading to an increased inflammatory response. This has been demonstrated in animal studies where loneliness caused significant changes in tumor growth and metastasis due to altered gene expression related to immunity and vascular growth factors 1.

Furthermore, studies have shown that the feelings of loneliness can affect the immune system by shifting the body’s defense mechanisms from viral to bacterial. This change in gene expression may compromise the immune system's effectiveness against viral infections while heightening the response to bacterial threats 2.

In summary, loneliness influences various gene expressions, notably those controlling inflammation and immune responses, which can lead to significant health risks 3 1.