How does cannabis affect hormones?

Cannabis impacts hormone levels in various ways, specifically influencing estrogen, testosterone, and prolactin levels. In chronic users, cannabis tends to increase estrogen and prolactin levels while decreasing testosterone. These changes can affect sexual development and reproductive functions.

Key hormonal effects of cannabis include:

1. Increase in Estrogen and Prolactin: Chronic cannabis use is related to increased levels of estrogen, which could potentially increase the risk of conditions like breast cancer. It also increases prolactin, particularly in chronic users, which can suppress dopamine—a neurotransmitter involved in reward and pleasure circuits [1].
2. Decrease in Testosterone: Regular cannabis consumption is associated with decreased levels of testosterone. This reduction is particularly noted in chronic users—those consuming cannabis more than twice per week. Reduced testosterone from increased prolactin and higher enzymatic conversion of testosterone to estrogen (aromatization) are observed [2].
3. Impact on Reproductive Hormones: Cannabis reduces levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which subsequently lowers luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). These hormones are crucial for the health of ovarian and testicular functions. Cannabis use can lead to reduced egg health, ovulation, and menstrual function in females, and decreased sperm production in males [1].

It's important to consider these effects, especially in chronic and high-dosage contexts, as they may influence overall health and fertility.