What is top-down processing?

Top-down processing refers to the ability of the brain's higher-order areas, such as the prefrontal cortex, to control and override reflexive responses. This process allows the brain to use previously acquired information to interpret and respond to new situations. For instance, when encountering a threat or a challenge, the brain can suppress the automatic reflex response (like pulling your foot away when stepping on a tack) and can apply a new narrative or meaning to the situation, deciding actively how to respond based on reasoned thought instead of automatic reflexes. This capability is critical in managing emotions and behaviors in complex environments or under stress 1.