How does sex affect dopamine levels?

Sex affects dopamine levels by substantially increasing them during both the pursuit and act of sex. Andrew Huberman explains that sex doubles the amount of dopamine, which is a two-fold increase above baseline levels, indicating a significant boost in dopamine when engaging in sexual activities 1. It's worth noting that beyond the act itself, anticipation and craving of sex, or for any rewarding experience, are strongly associated with dopamine release, highlighting dopamine's role in wanting and craving rather than just pleasure 2.

Additionally, there is mention of a range in which sex increases dopamine levels, varying from a four to five-fold increase in the rate of dopamine neuron firing in some individuals 3. However, after the act of sex, there is also an increase in prolactin, which has a calming effect on the nervous system and may encourage pair bonding 4. It's important to understand these effects when considering the complex interplay between sex, dopamine, and other hormones.