What are epinephrine and norepinephrine?

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are closely related neuromodulators that play critical roles in the body's response to stress and energy management.

• Epinephrine (Adrenaline): Epinephrine is also known as adrenaline. It is particularly associated with increasing energy and readiness in response to stressors. It is produced from the molecule dopamine and is released in conditions of stress where it activates the immune system, helping to protect against infections. Epinephrine also increases heart rate and physical energy, contributing to an overall state of agitation 1.

• Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline): Norepinephrine, also called noradrenaline, similar to epinephrine, heightens alertness and focus, and is involved in the body’s stress response. It is often co-released with dopamine, which is linked to motivation and reward 2. During stress, it is quickly released by neurons in the sympathetic chain ganglia across the body 2.

Both these compounds enhance physiological readiness and mental alertness, essentially preparing the body and mind to better handle stressful situations.