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  • Levels of automation

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    The concept of levels of automation is extensively discussed in various domains, particularly in autonomous vehicles and smart systems. Here are some key insights from trusted experts on the subject:

    Autonomous Vehicles

    Experts from the and provide a detailed breakdown of the levels of autonomy in vehicles:

    1. Level 0: No automation – the vehicle performs no driving tasks.
    2. Level 1: Driver assistance – features like adaptive cruise control, where the vehicle can assist in accelerating and braking 1.
    3. Level 2: Partial automation – systems like Tesla's Autopilot, which can control both steering and speed, although human oversight is required 1.
    4. Level 3: Conditional automation – the vehicle can handle most driving tasks but might require human intervention in complex scenarios. This level is contentious due to safety concerns over delayed human intervention 1 2.
    5. Level 4: High automation – the vehicle operates fully autonomously within specific conditions or areas, such as Waymo's self-driving cars in limited geographic regions 1 2.
    6. Level 5: Full automation – vehicles can drive themselves in any condition where humans can drive. This level remains a theoretical goal 1.

    Machine Learning Operations (MLOps)

    In MLOps, levels of automation are thoroughly discussed in the :

    1. Initial Automation: Basic orchestration and deployment of models, using tools like Docker and Kubernetes to automate some parts of the process 3.
    2. Continuous Integration and Deployment: Automated training, evaluation, and versioning of models, allowing seamless updates in line with changing data and business requirements 3.
    3. Full Automation: Complete pipeline automation, including continuous monitoring and automatic adjustments to models based on real-time data triggers, achieving high flexibility and model accuracy 3.

    Organizational Autonomy

    Matt Mullenweg discusses organizational autonomy within remote work contexts on the . He categorizes levels of autonomy based on how organizations adapt to remote work:

    1. Level 1: Ad hoc remote work with minimal deliberate planning.
    2. Level 2: Recreating office work online, often leading to inefficiencies as traditional office practices are poorly adapted to digital formats 4.

    Understanding these levels helps organizations and technologists to benchmark progress and identify areas needing improvement to advance maturity and efficiency in automation processes.

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