Origins of Protocells

The formation of protocells begins with simple organic molecules near hydrothermal vents, where energy and nutrients catalyze the creation of complex monomers. Some of these polymers, potentially RNA, exhibit self-replication, absorbing necessary monomers from their surroundings. As phospholipid membranes spontaneously form, they encapsulate these self-replicating molecules, allowing for a primitive yet effective system of nutrient intake and replication.